Posts Tagged kubernetes

Abstraction is key to building resilient systems because it encapsulates behavior and decouples code, letting each component perform its function independently. The same principles apply to infrastructure, where we want to declare behavior or state and not implementation details. As an industry, we’ve moved away from monolithic applications to distributed systems such as serverless, microservices, Kubernetes, and virtual machine deployments. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the characteristics of these architectures and how Pulumi can abstract the components that comprise these systems.

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Stop writing Kubernetes YAML by hand, and start using the power of familiar programming languages! Pulumi can generate Kubernetes manifests that easily integrate into existing CI/CD workflows.

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In an earlier article, we introduced examples of Policy as Code to prevent two of the most common causes of data breaches. Policies are the guardrails of infrastructure. They control access, set limits, and manage how infrastructure operates. In many systems, policies are created by clicking on a GUI, making it difficult to replicate or version. Pulumi implements policy by writing it in Typescript, which ensures that you can write policies using software development practices such as automated testing, deployment, and version control.

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Last month, we announced .NET support for Pulumi, including support for AWS, Azure, GCP, and many other clouds. One of the biggest questions we heard was about Kubernetes — “can I use Pulumi to manage Kubernetes infrastructure in C#, F#, and VB.NET as I can already in TypeScript and Python today?” With last week’s release of Pulumi.Kubernetes on NuGet, you can now also deploy Kubernetes infrastructure using your favorite .NET languages.

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AWS Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) provides a range of performance and control for dynamically scaling your Kubernetes clusters, including Managed Node Groups, Fargate, and Manually-Managed Node Groups in EC2. In this post, we’ll see how to use each of these compute options, and when to prefer one over the other in order to maximize productivity, flexibility, and control, based on your needs.

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A big part of our vision with Pulumi is to bring application developers and infrastructure teams closer together in the cloud. That includes both providing infrastructure teams with better software engineering tools, as well as providing developers with easier access to cloud infrastructure. We are often inspired by looking at great software engineering experiences in other development stacks and applying them to the cloud infrastructure space. Whether it be general-purpose languages and rich IDEs, testing and package management, or components and rich APIs, at Pulumi, we’ve repeatedly applied successful development tools and practices to the challenges of building and scaling modern cloud infrastructure.

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We had a fantastic time at KubeCon in San Diego. At the event, the Pulumi team released two technology previews: Pulumi Crosswalk for Kubernetes and Pulumi Query for Kubernetes.

Crosswalk for Kubernetes is a set of common patterns compiled in playbooks. These patterns reduce the complex Kubernetes API syntax by providing trusted defaults with idiomatic Kubernetes. Checkout a quick introduction to Crosswalk for Kubernetes in this blog post.

Sara Novotny defined observability as “the ability to ask of your system and learn from it” during her keynote with Liz Fong-Jones. Query for Kubernetes enables observability programmatically by exposing resource processes through either batch or streaming queries. Learn more about Query for Kubernetes in our blog post.

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Running Kubernetes in production can be challenging. This past year, Pulumi has collected common patterns of usage informed by best practices for provisioning Kubernetes infrastructure and running containerized applications. We call this Pulumi Crosswalk for Kubernetes: a collection of playbooks and libraries to help you to successfully configure, deploy, and manage Kubernetes in a way that works for teams in production.

Kubernetes is Vast and Complex

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We often need answers to simple questions about Kubernetes resources. Questions like:

• How many distinct versions of MySQL are running in my cluster?
• Which Pods are scheduled on nodes with high memory pressure?
• Which Pods are publicly exposed to the internet via a load-balanced Service?

Each of these questions would normally be answered by invoking kubectl multiple times to list resources of each type, and manually parsing the output to join it together into a single report.

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Kubernetes provides a rich, standards-based API that works across cloud and on-premise infrastructure. However, many of the API fields are deeply nested and require users to specify the same values redundantly across different resources. While this explicit specification is necessary for Kubernetes to operate, this often leads users to copy-paste existing code to manage the boilerplate.

Today, as part of our Crosswalk for Kubernetes announcement, we’re introducing the Kubernetes Extensions (kx) library for Pulumi. kx is designed to simplify the declaration of Kubernetes resources, and make the API easier for everyone to use.

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