Posts Tagged kubernetes

The Kubernetes landscape is constantly evolving as end users and developers search for the right tools, approaches, and abstractions to help them manage Cloud Native infrastructure in production.

On Feb 5, Heptio (now part of VMWare) announced that work on ksonnet, a project launched by Heptio, Box, Microsoft, and Bitnami, will stop. We’re sad to see ksonnet winding down, but are thankful for the collaborative exchange of ideas between projects, and are excited to see continued investment in VMWare/Heptio’s other projects. The good news is that, if you liked ksonnet, we’re confident that you’ll love Pulumi. In this post, we’ll tell you why.

Read more →

The Helm community is one of the brightest spots in the infrastructure ecosystem: collectively, it has accumulated person-decades of operational expertise to produce Kubernetes manifests that “just work.”

But for many users, it is not feasible to run everything in Kubernetes, and the community is just starting to develop answers to questions like: what happens when a Helm Chart needs to interface with, for example, a managed database like AWS RDS or Azure CosmosDB?

Pulumi is a cloud native development platform designed to be able to express any cloud native infrastructure as code in a natural, intentional manner using familiar languages. The most natural way to solve this challenge would be to stand up an instance of AWS RDS, populate a Kubernetes Secret with the connection details, and then simply let my application use these newly available resources. Pulumi gives users the primitives they need in order to achieve tasks like this most effectively.

Read more →

This post is part 3 in a series on the Kubernetes API. Earlier, Part 1 focused on the lifecycle of a Pod and Part 2 focused on the lifecycle of a Service.

What is happening when a Deployment rolls out a change to your app? What does it actually do when a Pod crashes or is killed? What happens when a Pod is re-labled so that it’s not targeted by the Deployment?

Deployment is probably the most complex resource type in Kubernetes core. Deployment specifies how changes should be rolled out over ReplicaSets, which themselves specify how Pods should be replicated in a cluster.

In this post we continue our exploration of the Kubernetes API, cracking Deployment open using kubespy, a small tool we developed to observe Kubernetes resources in real-time.

Read more →

This post is part 3 in a series on the Kubernetes API. Earlier, Part 1 focused on the lifecycle of a Pod, and later Part 3 details how Kubernetes deployments work.

Why isn’t my Pod getting any traffic?

An experienced ops team running on GKE might assemble the following checklist to help answer this question:

1. Does a Service exist? Does that service have a .spec.selector that matches some number of Pods?
2. Are the Pods alive and has their readiness probe passed?
3. Did the Service create an Endpoints object that specifies one or more Pods to direct traffic to?
4. Is the Service reachable via DNS? When you kubectl ``exec into a Pod and you use curl to poke the Service hostname, do you get a response? (If not, does any Service have a DNS entry?)
5. Is the Service reachable via IP? When you SSH into a Node and you use curl to poke the Service IP, do you get a response?
6. Is kube-proxy up? Is it writing iptables rules? Is it proxying to the Service?

This question might have the highest complexity-to-sentence-length ratio of any question in the Kubernetes ecosystem. Unfortunately, it’s also a question that every user finds themselves asking at some point. And when they do, it usually means their app is down.

To help answer questions like this, we’ve been developing a small diagnostic tool, kubespy. In this post we’ll look at the new kubespy trace command, which is broadly aimed at automating questions 1, 2, 3, and providing “hints” about 4 and 5.

Read more →

This post is the first part in a series on the Kubernetes API. Future installments include Part 2 focused on the lifecycle of a Service and Part 3 details how Kubernetes deployments work.

One of the most popular features of the recent v0.15.2 release of Pulumi is fine-grained status updates for Kubernetes resources. On the CLI they look like this:

Read more →

In this post, we’ll take a look at 11 “pearls” – bite-sized code snippets – that demonstrate using Pulumi to build and deploy Kubernetes applications using cloud native infrastructure as code. These pearls are organized into three categories, each demonstrating a unique scenario:

• Config as Code: Use your favorite language for authoring applications and configuration, eliminating toil and YAML.
• Multi-Cloud Infrastructure: Mix cloud services alongside Kubernetes resources and manage them using one set of tools and workflows.
• Software Delivery as Code: Perform sophisticated continuous delivery of your Kubernetes deployments – including canaries, staged rollouts, leveraging cloud native projects like Envoy and Prometheus – authored in code using familiar languages.

Read more →

Kubernetes has quickly become the “gold standard” for running containers in production, spanning public, private, and hybrid cloud scenarios. It’s been remarkable to watch its explosive growth just this past year alone. Every cloud vendor now supports an easy-to-use managed Kubernetes solution — Google GKE, Azure AKS, and AWS AKS — making it easier than ever to start writing and deploying Kubernetes applications.

Pulumi for Kubernetes is a way to create, deploy, and manage Kubernetes applications using your favorite programming languages. that works across AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, OpenStack, and other clouds, now to Kubernetes and cloud native architectures. You can dive right in here and look at some powerful things Pulumi enables here.

Read more →

Kubernetes is a powerful container orchestrator for cloud native applications that can run on any cloud – AWS, Azure, GCP – in addition to hybrid and on-premises environments. Its CLI, kubectl, offers basic built-in support for performing deployments, but intentionally stops short here. In particular, it doesn’t offer diffs and previews, the ability to know when a deployment has succeeded or failed, and why, and/or sophisticated deployment orchestration.

In this post, we’ll see how Pulumi, an open source cloud native development platform, can not only let you express Kubernetes programs in familiar programming languages, like TypeScript, instead of endless YAML templates, but also how Pulumi delivers simple and reproducible, yet powerful, Kubernetes deployment workflows.

Read more →

In this blog post, we’ll see how to run Jenkins on Kubernetes with Pulumi. We abstract away the complexity of the configuration into a reusable component to enable it to be reused by team mates. Our example is based on adapting a Helm template.

Read more →